11 PAT Testing Rules Scottish Landlords Must Know in 2025
The Housing (Scotland) Act 2014 requires landlords to conduct mandatory PAT testing. Property owners often find it challenging to meet compliance standards. Scottish law requires landlords to maintain all electrical systems and appliances in working condition. High-risk items need yearly inspections, while larger appliances require testing every four years. Scottish landlords must also obtain an Electrical Installation Condition Report (EICR) every five years or when new tenants move in.
We created this complete guide to direct you through 11 key PAT testing rules you should know by 2025. This information helps keep your properties compliant and protects your tenants.
Legal Requirements for PAT Testing in Scotland 2025
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The Housing (Scotland) Act 2014 sets out clear guidelines for PAT testing requirements. Landlords must schedule electrical safety inspections before starting a tenancy. These inspections need to happen at intervals not exceeding five years from the previous check [1].
Current Scottish Legislation
Scottish private landlords need to prove their electrical appliances work properly [1]. The law makes it mandatory to get regular safety inspections from qualified professionals who follow Scottish Government guidance. We focused on protecting tenants by testing and documenting all portable electrical appliances that landlords provide [2].
PAT Testing Legal Framework
Landlords must follow specific rules about keeping records. They need to store PAT testing records for six years [2]. Test labels should be visible on all tested appliances, and tenants should get copies of the latest reports before they move in [1]. The testing covers:
- White goods (refrigerators, washing machines)
- Brown goods (televisions, DVD players)
- Portable electric heaters
- Kitchen appliances
- Hand-held electrical equipment [1]
2025 Updates and Changes
The 2025 testing requirements match UK standards closely, though Scottish rental properties have their own specific rules [1]. The framework now puts emphasis on:
PAT testing must be done alongside Electrical Installation Condition Reports (EICR) [2]. Landlords need to complete both tests within the five-year window, though PAT testing might need more frequent checks based on what professionals recommend [2].
The First-tier Tribunal for Scotland (Housing and Property Chamber) now handles enforcement [2]. This body makes sure landlords follow the rules and deals with any violations to maintain proper electrical safety standards in their properties.
Essential Appliances Requiring PAT Testing
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PAT testing of appliances is the life-blood of electrical safety compliance for Scottish landlords. Let’s get into everything in electrical safety testing to ensure proper coverage.
Mandatory Appliance Categories
We tested three distinct classes of electrical appliances [3]:
- Class 1: Items with simple insulation requiring earth connection
- Class 2: Equipment with extra insulation, not requiring earth connection
- Class 3: Low voltage items
White goods like refrigerators and washing machines need mandatory testing, along with brown goods such as televisions and DVD players [3]. More, all electrical equipment with flexible cables and BS 1363 plugs needs regular inspection.
Optional Testing Items
Testing goes way beyond the reach and influence of portable items. Any appliance designed to connect to a fixed installation deserves testing consideration [4]. This includes:
- Vending machines
- Built-in dishwashers
- Fixed electric fires
- Permanently installed freezers
PAT Testing Appliance Checklist
A detailed testing approach needs attention to specific elements. The inspections must verify [5]:
- No damage or corrosion
- Cord integrity without fraying
- Secure wire connections
- Socket condition without burn marks
- Proper cable management
- No water exposure risks
Therefore, new appliances usually arrive safely but need visual inspection before first use [3]. The testing frequency for existing appliances depends on usage patterns and environmental factors. Items in high-traffic areas or those moved frequently need more regular checks than stationary appliances [6].
The landlord’s testing responsibility covers only the appliances they provide [7]. Tenants must take care of their personal electrical items, though registering these with a product registration scheme helps overall safety management.
PAT Testing Frequency Guidelines
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Regular electrical safety checks are the life-blood of responsible property management. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) states that testing frequency depends on equipment type and where it’s used [8].
Testing Intervals by Appliance Type
Scottish rental properties need different testing intervals based on appliance types. Office equipment like desktop computers needs testing every 2-4 years [1]. Portable items such as kettles, vacuum cleaners, and phone chargers need yearly checks [1]. Large stationary appliances, including washing machines and refrigerators, match fixed installation testing cycles – usually every five years [9].
Risk Assessment Factors
A systematic risk evaluation helps you pick the best testing schedules. These factors matter most:
- Equipment classification and usage patterns
- Environmental conditions (moisture, heat, dust)
- User competency levels
- Previous maintenance records
- Installation methods [10]
We focused on items that move often or face harsh conditions as they need more frequent testing [8]. Appliances in busy areas or those handled often should be checked more frequently [1].
Schedule Management Tips
A well-laid-out plan makes PAT testing management work better. You should set clear testing deadlines based on appliance types and risk levels [1]. New tenants mean it’s time to check all provided appliances thoroughly [11].
The quickest way to manage schedules:
- Mark testing deadlines ahead of time
- Document all inspection results and repairs
- Train staff to spot issues between formal tests
- Set aside enough time to test properly [1]
Properties with multiple units work better with a digital system that tracks testing dates and results [12]. The law might not specify frequencies, but each property needs its own risk assessment [11]. This method will give a reliable and affordable testing schedule.
Qualified PAT Tester Requirements
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PAT testing professionals need specific certifications and must meet industry standards. The electrical safety sector has strict rules about inspector qualifications and competency.
Approved Certification Bodies
City & Guilds is a leading certification organization that offers the Level 3 Certificate for In-Service Inspections and Testing of Electrical Equipment (2377) [13]. NICEIC is another major certification body that provides complete training and qualification programs [14]. The CPD Certification Service gives additional accreditation to ensure professionals meet development standards [2].
Required Qualifications
The basic qualification needed is the City & Guilds Level 3 Certificate (2377-77). This certificate covers:
- Statutory requirements for electrical equipment maintenance
- Equipment construction and classification principles
- In-service inspection procedures
- Documentation requirements [13]
PAT testers earn between £24,000 and £36,000 per year, with most making around £32,500 [15]. They must have insurance that includes £2m public liability and £250,000 professional indemnity coverage [16].
Choosing a PAT Testing Provider
Look for these key factors when picking a testing provider:
- Valid qualifications and certifications
- Membership in competent person schemes
- Proper insurance coverage
- Well-adjusted testing instruments [8]
A professional tester should give you complete documentation with test certificates and appliance labels that show pass/fail status [17]. The testing combines visual checks and electronic testing. This requires expertise to spot potential hazards and understand different appliance types.
Landlords with multiple properties should pick providers who have worked in residential settings. Good testers know electrical systems well and keep their certifications current through regular training [18].
Documentation and Record Keeping
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PAT testing compliance for Scottish landlords depends on proper documentation. A complete record-keeping system shows due diligence and supports safety management in rental properties of all sizes.
Required PAT Testing Documents
Scottish landlords must maintain an Equipment Register that lists all testable appliances and their locations [19]. This inventory should include:
- Test results and outcomes
- Descriptions of failed items
- Pass/fail status for each appliance
- Testing dates and schedules
- Equipment categories and classifications
Record Retention Guidelines
Scottish regulations recommend keeping PAT testing records for six years [20]. These documents are a vital piece of evidence for compliance and maintenance history [19], whatever testing intervals you choose.
Labels on tested equipment aren’t legally required [3], but they help track testing status effectively. Most labels show:
- Test completion date
- Next scheduled inspection
- Inspector identification
- Safety status
Digital vs Physical Records
The rise of record-keeping has brought quick digital alternatives to paper documentation. Digital systems give you several benefits [21]:
- Multiple users can access records at once
- Records stay safe from physical damage
- Tracking and reminders run automatically
- Certificates generate instantly
- Signatures are easy to collect
Cloud-based storage will give a backup protection and solve problems with damaged or lost paperwork [21]. Your chosen system, digital or physical, should let you retrieve records quickly during safety audits or property inspections [22].
Digital documentation makes managing properties with multiple units easier by offering pre-set responses and removing handwriting issues [21]. This method cuts down on administrative work while keeping complete records of all electrical safety measures.
Cost Considerations for Landlords
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Landlords need to understand PAT testing prices and service options to stay compliant without breaking their maintenance budgets.
Average PAT Testing Costs
Simple PAT testing services begin at £45 for up to 10 items [23]. The prices go up based on how many items you need tested. Standard testing costs usually fall within these ranges:
Number of Items | Average Cost |
---|---|
Up to 10 items | £45 |
Up to 20 items | £55 |
Up to 30 items | £65 |
Bulk testing rates become more attractive, dropping to £1-£2 per item [24]. Qualified electricians charge £40-£60 hourly and can test 40-50 items during that time [7].
Cost-saving Strategies
Smart landlords can cut their PAT testing costs in several ways:
- Bundle Services: You can save up to 20% by combining PAT testing with EICR inspections [17]
- Schedule Efficiently: Testing during appliance downtime reduces overall testing duration [7]
- Regular Maintenance: Well-kept appliances between tests help avoid failures and extra testing costs [6]
Budgeting for Multiple Properties
Property portfolio management needs careful planning. Daily rates of £200-£250 might give better value if you need extensive testing [7]. Location plays a big role in pricing – London services cost more than other UK regions [7].
Your budget should include these key elements:
- Original setup fees
- Per-item testing rates
- Potential repair costs
- Certificate issuance fees
- Travel expenses for remote properties
A yearly testing budget based on your appliance inventory and testing schedule will give you consistent compliance. This approach helps avoid unexpected costs while managing your properties effectively.
PAT Testing vs EICR Requirements
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Scottish property owners often mix up PAT testing with EICR assessments. These electrical safety measures serve different purposes in rental property management.
Key Differences Explained
PAT testing looks at portable electrical appliances that can be moved and connected to electrical outlets [25]. EICR reviews fixed electrical installations like wiring, meters, isolators, and lighting systems [26].
These assessments vary by a lot in their scope:
Aspect | PAT Testing | EICR |
---|---|---|
Coverage | Portable appliances | Fixed installations |
Focus | Individual items | Entire electrical system |
Scope | Plugged/movable items | Up to power socket |
Duration | Quick per item | Detailed property check |
Compliance Requirements
Scottish landlords must complete both PAT testing and EICR assessments since December 2015 [27]. We conducted EICR reports with registered electricians who check:
- Consumer units
- Socket outlets
- Light fittings
- Visible wiring [28]
Landlords must give copies of both test reports to tenants within 28 days of inspection [8]. New tenants should receive these documents before they move in [28].
Testing Schedules
PAT and EICR assessments have different testing timelines. EICR inspections happen at least every five years [27]. PAT testing frequency changes based on appliance type and how often it’s used [3].
Rental properties usually follow these testing schedules:
- High-risk portable items: 6-12 months
- Office equipment: 2-4 years
- Fixed appliances: Match with EICR cycles [29]
Landlords with multiple properties should schedule both tests together to save costs and stay compliant [5]. This combined approach protects tenants and meets legal requirements under Scottish housing regulations.
Common PAT Testing Failures
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Scottish landlords must address several common failure points that regular electrical appliance inspections reveal. We found that extension leads top the list of PAT testing failures because of frequent movement and cable stress [30].
Frequent Failure Points
Extension leads and power tools don’t pass PAT testing due to constant plugging and unplugging cycles [31]. A detailed analysis reveals kettles and toasters often fail from water exposure and heat damage [31]. Vacuum cleaners develop problems because of repeated movement and cable strain [31].
Appliance Type | Common Failure Reason |
---|---|
Extension Leads | Cable wear, overloading |
Power Tools | Frayed cords, loose connections |
Kitchen Appliances | Water damage, heat exposure |
Vacuum Cleaners | Cable stress, motor issues |
Preventive Measures
Regular visual inspections help spot potential problems early [30]. The prevention process works best when you:
- Check appliance casings for damage or dents
- Inspect cables for wear signs
- Verify proper plug connections
- Monitor ventilation slots
- Get into assembly screws
Landlords should check high-risk items regularly instead of waiting for annual tests [4]. Of course, new equipment needs visual inspection upon arrival, even with manufacturer testing [4].
Remedial Actions
Quick action becomes vital after failed inspections. You should take these steps right away:
- Remove failed items from service immediately [4]
- Arrange professional repairs when possible
- Schedule another check before returning to use [4]
The next step involves documenting all fixes made [32]. Class 1 equipment failures need professional assessment because they have higher risks from earth connection requirements [4]. Budget-friendly replacements might work better than repairs for older appliances.
Proper remedial actions protect landlords from liability while maintaining safety standards. Equipment borrowed from other organizations needs documented proof of testing status [4].
Tenant Rights and Responsibilities
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Good communication between landlords and tenants creates the foundation for successful PAT testing compliance in Scotland. Both parties need to understand their obligations to keep electrical safety standards high and testing processes smooth.
Tenant Communication Guidelines
Landlords should give their tenants complete electrical safety information [20]. They must provide copies of inspection reports and safety certificates before tenants move in. Building trust between property owners and residents becomes easier with an open approach [33].
Access Requirements
Property owners can conduct PAT testing when they take reasonable steps to arrange access [20]. Landlords should follow these steps if access becomes difficult:
Action Required | Timeline |
---|---|
Written Notice | 28 days before inspection |
Report Sharing | Within 28 days after testing |
Emergency Access | Immediate if safety risk identified |
Tenants must let testing crews enter the property for safety checks and repairs [34]. Landlords should keep records of all communication attempts to show they tried to comply with regulations [8].
Shared Responsibilities
Each party plays a specific role in electrical safety. Tenants must:
- Report electrical problems as soon as they find them
- Keep their personal appliances safe
- Never tamper with safety devices or alarms [1]
Property owners remain responsible for testing and maintaining all provided appliances [17]. This doesn’t include tenant-owned equipment, which residents must maintain themselves. Landlords should tell tenants to:
- Test alarms weekly
- Keep proper airflow around appliances
- Speak up about electrical installation concerns [1]
Tenants can reach out to their local council’s private renting team when landlords don’t fix safety issues quickly [34]. This balanced approach to responsibility will give complete electrical safety coverage in rental properties.
Non-Compliance Penalties
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Scottish landlords face serious consequences when they don’t follow PAT testing regulations. These penalties affect their finances, legal standing, and insurance coverage. The impact reaches deep into their property management and business operations.
Financial Penalties
The fines for electrical safety non-compliance can be harsh. Landlords must pay up to £5,000 for each item that doesn’t meet standards [35]. Courts can also order them to pay compensation if electrical safety violations cause personal injury or property damage [36].
Violation Type | Maximum Penalty |
---|---|
Per Item Non-Compliance | £5,000 |
Insurance Violations | £2,500 |
Employer Liability Breaches | £1,000 |
Legal Consequences
The legal penalties go well beyond just paying fines. Courts have the power to:
- Send violators to prison for up to six months [35]
- Order community service ranging from 80-300 hours [36]
- Ban company directors from running their businesses [36]
Courts can tell defendants to fix any issues related to their offense. This order can come with or replace other penalties [36]. Cases that result in deaths might lead to manslaughter charges [37].
Insurance Implications
Not following PAT testing rules affects insurance coverage by a lot [link_1]. Insurance companies often:
- Raise premiums for properties without proper testing [10]
- Deny coverage for equipment that hasn’t been tested [12]
- Cut or hold back claim payments for damage from untested appliances [38]
You need proper PAT testing documents to keep your insurance valid [39]. The coverage should include professional indemnity insurance worth £250,000 [39]. Public liability insurance helps protect against unexpected events and settlement costs [39].
Emergency PAT Testing Situations
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Quick action during electrical emergencies protects tenants and property investments alike. The Health & Safety Executive reports that 25% of reportable electrical accidents involve portable appliances [40]. This highlights why fast response protocols matter.
Urgent Testing Scenarios
These situations just need immediate PAT testing:
- Equipment damage from water exposure
- Visible cord fraying or insulation damage
- Reported electrical shocks or burning smells
- Post-flooding assessments
- Pre-occupancy emergency checks
Emergency Provider Options
Qualified testers of all sizes provide 24-hour emergency services throughout Scotland. Professional testers must prove their competency through proper certification [40]. They also need to maintain £2m public liability insurance coverage [41].
Service Type | Response Time | Coverage |
---|---|---|
Standard Emergency | 24 hours | Business hours |
Priority Response | 4-8 hours | 24/7 |
Critical Situation | 2-4 hours | 24/7 + weekends |
Quick Response Protocols
Without doubt, quick action prevents risks. Here’s what to do when identifying an emergency:
- Immediately disconnect suspect equipment
- Document the issue with photos
- Contact certified emergency testers
- Arrange temporary replacements
- Update safety records
We worked with landlords to build relationships with multiple testing providers [41]. This strategy will give a backup plan when main contractors aren’t available. In spite of that, emergency testing costs more, with rates 50-100% higher than standard fees [41].
Emergency PAT testing needs proper documentation, even with time pressure. Testing providers must follow standard procedures that include detailed checks for earth continuity, lead polarity, and insulation resistance [42]. Clear emergency protocols help coordinate quick responses in properties with multiple units [40].
Comparison Table
Rule/Aspect | Key Requirements | Timeline/Frequency | Associated Costs | Notable Compliance Points |
---|---|---|---|---|
Legal Requirements | Required electrical safety checks; Record keeping | Every 5 years or when tenancy starts | Not specified | Records must stay on file for 6 years |
Essential Appliances | Class 1, 2, and 3 electrical items; White goods; Brown goods | Changes based on appliance type | Not specified | Only covers items the landlord gives |
Testing Frequency | Risk assessment decides the schedule | Yearly for portable items; 2-4 years for office gear; 5 years for big appliances | Not specified | High-risk items need more frequent checks |
Qualified Testers | Level 3 Certificate (2377-77); Insurance must be valid | N/A | £24,000-£36,000 yearly pay | £2m public liability insurance needed |
Documentation | List of equipment; Test outcomes; Pass/fail records | Keep for 6 years | Not specified | Paper or digital records work fine |
Cost Considerations | Price per item tested; Bulk savings | N/A | £45 covers 10 items; £1-2 each for bulk tests | Daily rate runs £200-£250 for multiple sites |
PAT vs EICR | Different tests needed for portable and fixed items | EICR: 5 years; PAT: varies | Not specified | Both tests required since December 2015 |
Common Failures | Extension cords; Power tools; Kitchen gear | Fix right away | Not specified | Failed items need immediate removal |
Tenant Rights | Entry needs; Report access | 28 days notice before check | Not specified | Tenants must let testers in |
Non-Compliance | Money penalties; Legal issues; Insurance problems | Fix as soon as found | Up to £5,000 for each violation | Jail time possible up to 6 months |
Emergency Testing | Round-the-clock service; Rush testing | Response in 2-24 hours | 50-100% extra over normal rates | Papers needed right away |
Conclusion
PAT testing requirements play a vital role for Scottish landlords who manage rental properties. These regulations serve as important safeguards for tenants and protect property investments, not just legal obligations.
Scottish landlords must test all provided appliances properly. They need detailed documentation and partnerships with qualified professionals. Test frequency depends on the appliance type and risk level. Costs range from £45 for small batches to £1-2 per item in larger volumes.
Documentation plays a significant role in this process. All test records and certificates need six-year retention. Professional testers must have proper certifications and insurance coverage to maintain high standards during inspections.
Non-compliance penalties are severe. Violations can lead to £5,000 fines per incident and possible jail time. Landlords should set up clear testing schedules and keep proper records. Quick responses to emergencies will help avoid these serious consequences.
PAT testing compliance needs a clear understanding of landlord’s obligations and tenant’s rights. This balanced strategy, along with emergency protocols and regular maintenance, will give a safe electrical environment in rental properties that protects everyone involved.
FAQs
Q1. Is PAT testing legally required for Scottish landlords in 2025?
While not explicitly mandated by law, PAT testing is considered best practice for landlords to ensure electrical safety. It may be required as part of specific licensing conditions.
Q2. How often should PAT testing be conducted in Scottish rental properties?
The frequency varies based on the type of appliance and its usage. Generally, portable items need annual checks, while larger appliances may align with the 5-year EICR cycle. It’s best to follow the electrician’s recommendations.
Q3. What are the consequences of non-compliance with PAT testing regulations?
Non-compliance can result in fines up to £5,000 per violation, potential imprisonment, and insurance coverage issues. It may also lead to legal liability in case of accidents or injuries.
Q4. Who is responsible for PAT testing – the landlord or the tenant?
Landlords are responsible for testing all electrical appliances they provide in the rental property. Tenants are responsible for the safety of their own personal electrical items.
Q5. What qualifications should a PAT tester have?
A qualified PAT tester should hold a Level 3 Certificate (2377-77) and have adequate insurance coverage, including £2 million public liability insurance. They should also be registered with recognized certification bodies.
References
[1] – https://www.westernlettings.co.uk/landlords/compliance-for-rental-properties-in-scotland/
[2] – https://www.pat-testing-training.net/course-accreditations.php
[3] – https://www.hse.gov.uk/electricity/faq-portable-appliance-testing.htm
[4] – https://www.bristol.ac.uk/safety/media/gn/PAT-test-gn.pdf
[5] – https://www.propcert.co.uk/blog/is-eicr-same-as-pat-test/
[6] – https://switchedon.london/how-much-does-pat-testing-cost/
[7] – https://www.myjobquote.co.uk/costs/pat-testing-cost
[8] – https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/electrical-safety-standards-in-the-private-rented-sector-guidance-for-landlords-tenants-and-local-authorities/guide-for-landlords-electrical-safety-standards-in-the-private-rented-sector
[9] – https://www.electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk/guidance/your-questions-answered/questions/could-you-confirm-how-often-pat-testing-is-required-for-large-stationary-appliances-like-washing-machines-fridges-fridge-freezers-etc-in-scotland/
[10] – https://jlkelectrical.ie/pat-testing-and-insurance/
[11] – https://hawkesworth.co.uk/pat-testing-landlords/
[12] – https://allinonepropat.co.uk/pat-testing/hidden-costs-of-skipping-pat-testing/
[13] – https://www.glasgowclyde.ac.uk/courses/86582-city-guilds-237777-electrical-equipment-maintenance-and-testing-pat-testing/4220
[14] – https://niceic.com/
[15] – https://www.accesstraininguk.co.uk/news/post/2023/02/23/how-to-become-pat-certified
[16] – https://www.napit.org.uk/schemes/portable-appliance-testing-scheme.aspx
[17] – https://www.lettingaproperty.com/landlord/blog/pat-testing-for-landlords/
[18] – https://www.intersafe.co.uk/what-qualifications-does-a-pat-tester-need/
[19] – https://www.lcaelectricalcontractors.co.uk/news/what-is-pat-testing/
[20] – https://www.gov.scot/publications/repairing-standard-statutory-guidance-private-landlords/pages/16/
[21] – https://www.commusoft.co.uk/blog/pat-testing-certificates/
[22] – https://www.propcert.co.uk/blog/everything-you-need-to-know-about-pat-testing-in-wolverhampton/
[23] – https://eicredinburgh.co.uk/pat-testing-edinburgh-cost/
[24] – https://www.tradeskills4u.co.uk/blog/charge-for-pat-testing
[25] – https://bns.co.uk/what-is-the-difference-between-eicr-eic-and-pat-testing/
[26] – https://www.stallardkane.co.uk/pat-vs-eicr-which-electrical-testing-do-you-need-2/
[27] – https://landlordaccreditationscotland.com/scottish-landlord-register-information/electrical-safety-certificates/
[28] – https://scotland.shelter.org.uk/professional_resources/legal/housing_conditions/hazards/electricity
[29] – https://hexoelectricaltesting.co.uk/what-are-the-pat-testing-regulations-in-the-uk/
[30] – https://martindale-electric.co.uk/2023/12-common-pat-testing-errors-easily-made-easily-rectified/
[31] – https://todaynews.co.uk/2025/01/06/the-most-common-appliances-that-fail-pat-testing-and-how-to-prevent-it/
[32] – https://humanfocus.co.uk/blog/pat-testing-for-landlords-what-you-need-to-know/
[33] – https://fraserbond.com/blog/article/comprehensive-guide-to-pat-testing-for-landlords-in-england-b7777
[34] – https://england.shelter.org.uk/housing_advice/repairs/electrical_safety_in_rented_homes
[35] – https://www.superwarm.co.uk/4-dangers-of-not-conducting-regular-pat-tests/
[36] – https://www.hse.gov.uk/enforce/enforcementguidesc/penalties.htm
[37] – https://www.colinbibra.com/is-patportable-appliance-test-a-legal-requirement-for-landlords/
[38] – https://www.fuseduk.co.uk/why-pat-test
[39] – https://www.skillstg.co.uk/blog/pat-testing-insurance-requirements/
[40] – https://www.ukvending.co.uk/info/pat-testing-pat-testing-information-ukv-health-safety?srsltid=AfmBOor1hmqals1PXRj7PRwfNd01uoOskL9CikgDKS5HvuXJ-NxCAfKW
[41] – https://www.mrelimited.co.uk/pat-testing-in-edinburgh/
[42] – https://www.brooktechmaintenance.com/best-practices-for-on-site-pat-testing/